P

PA Consulting

Global innovation and transformation consultancy

Senior AI Engineer

Full-Time
No salary listed
Senior
Belfast, UK
HybridHybrid: minimum two days per week in office.
Software EngineeringAI Application Engineering
UK Top Secret Clearance Required

About the job

Requirements
  • Software engineers with a passion for AI – or data scientists who’ve embraced engineering.
  • People who experiment, prototype, and explore emerging AI tools in their own time.
  • Strong foundation in a language suited to AI system development and data workflows.
  • Experience integrating models with APIs, data sources, or production systems.
  • Curiosity about LLMs, RAG pipelines (Graph & Vector based), and agent frameworks.
  • Understanding of cloud-native (AWS / GCP / Azure) and DevOps / DevSecOps practices.
  • A collaborative mindset and willingness to share, learn, and teach.
  • Understanding of prompt and context engineering and model evaluation.
  • Solid grasp of distributed systems, microservices, and RESTful APIs.
  • An understanding of LLMOps tools for managing GenAI workflows.
  • UK security clearance residency requirements: some UK roles require UK security clearance, and all PA employees must meet Baseline Personnel Security Standard; residency rules of being British citizen or 5 years UK residency.
Responsibilities
  • Work to agile best practices and cross-functionally with multiple teams and stakeholders. You’ll be using your technical skills to problem solve with our clients, as well as working on internal projects.
  • Live in-person whiteboarding sessions to problem solve as a team, alongside asynchronous communication on Teams.
  • Hybrid working with the team on client site or in our office a minimum of two days per week. However, the actual time you spend and where you spend it will vary by role or assignment, including up to 5 days per week on a client site.
  • Constantly learning, testing, and sharing findings across our internal AI community.
  • Experimenting with Generative AI frameworks and tools such as LangChain, LlamaIndex, Hugging Face, and APIs from OpenAI and Anthropic.
  • Building retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) prototypes with vector stores and knowledge graphs.
  • Developing and testing agentic architectures through our own Genie Platform – enabling AI agents that reason, retrieve, and act across systems.
  • Exploring LLMOps, evaluation tools, and model observability platforms like TruLens and LangSmith.
  • Deploying solutions on modern cloud and DevOps environments (AWS, Azure, GCP) – but always choosing the right tools for the problem at hand.

About the company

PA Consulting provides end-to-end innovation and transformation consulting services worldwide. It partners with leaders across industries to translate insights into practical strategies and actions that drive tangible results for clients, communities, and society. The firm’s approach combines advisory insight with implementation support to identify new opportunities and deliver long-term impact. Working across diverse sectors in the UK, Ireland, US, Nordics, and Netherlands, PA Consulting differentiates itself by pairing deep industry knowledge with hands-on delivery, focusing on real-world outcomes through long-term partnerships and measurable change, rather than theoretical ideas alone.

Company Size

5,001-10,000

Company Stage

Grant

Total Funding

$650K

Headquarters

London, United Kingdom

Founded

1980

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Simplify's Take

What believers are saying

  • June 2026 Jiten Kachhela replaced Christian Norris, resetting leadership after the Jacobs takeover.
  • February 2026 won a four-year U.K. Department for Transport NSSR extension.
  • October 2026 added Simon King to expand public-sector AI advisory depth.

What critics are saying

  • March 2026 integration into Jacobs centralizes decisions, inviting consultant attrition and brand dilution.
  • July 2026 Home Office extended Atlas work after Mastek's legal challenge exposed procurement fragility.
  • If Jacobs sidelines PA's brand, employee-owned-premium logic dies and recruiting weakens fast.

What makes PA Consulting unique

  • March 2026 Jacobs bought PA outright, giving it capital and delivery scale.
  • PA still sells strategy-to-delivery across regulated sectors, including government, health, and energy.
  • Its 2026 wins span sovereign AI, mRNA engineering, and fiber packaging commercialization.

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Benefits

Professional Development Budget

Training Programs

Growth & Insights and Company News

Headcount

6 month growth

6%

1 year growth

6%

2 year growth

6%
FairPlay Talks
Oct 7th, 2026
Social Mobility Awards winners revealed as employers tackle Britain's opportunity crisis.

Social Mobility Awards winners revealed as employers tackle Britain's opportunity crisis. 7th October 2026 KPMG, Microsoft, Lloyds Banking Group, Linklaters and PA Consulting are among the organisations and individuals recognised at the UK Social Mobility Awards 2026 for widening access to employment, career progression and opportunity - as Britain confronts a deepening challenge around young people locked out of work and education. Organisations spanning banking, technology, infrastructure, law, facilities management, higher education and the public sector have been recognised at the UK Social Mobility Awards 2026 for helping people from less advantaged backgrounds access employment and progress in their careers. The winners of the annual UK Social Mobility Awards (SOMOs), held in association with National Grid, were announced at a gala in London on Tuesday 6 October, hosted by presenter, writer, actor, director and comedian Sue Perkins. The awards come at a particularly significant moment for social mobility in Britain. Earlier this year, the number of 16- to 24-year-olds not in employment, education or training (NEET) rose above one million, prompting warnings that Britain risks creating a "lost generation" as traditional entry-level routes into employment disappear. The latest official estimate has since fallen slightly to around 981,000 young people, but the underlying challenge remains significant. The government-commissioned Young People and Work Review, led by former Cabinet minister Alan Milburn, found that 84% of young people who are NEET want to work, study or train, while six in 10 have never had a job. As Fair Play Talks has previously highlighted, employers themselves are also warning that rising costs and shrinking entry-level opportunities risk making that first step into work even harder. Against that backdrop, the SOMOs aim to recognise organisations and individuals demonstrating how employers and institutions can actively widen access to opportunity. The winners were selected from this year's UK Social Mobility Awards shortlist, which featured organisations across banking, law, technology, government, infrastructure, higher education, healthcare, media and transport. UK Social Mobility Awards 2026 winners. Champion of the year. * Winner: Darren Hardman, Microsoft UK&I Mentor of the year. * Winner: Lauren Moore, Pinsent Masons Rising Star, championed by PwC. * Winner: Josh Wilkins, A&O Shearman * Highly commended: Tom Glenn, Lewis Silkin LLP Organisation of the Year, championed by bp. * Winner: KPMG Innovation, championed by Barclays. * Winner: Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer Leadership of the year. * Winner: Sodexo * Highly commended: Wychavon District Council Social Mobility network of the year. * Winner: Lloyds Banking Group * Highly commended: HSBC Bank plc Pre-Recruitment Programme of the Year, championed by BNP Paribas. * Winner: University of Warwick * Highly commended: Trowers & Hamlins Recruitment programme of the year, championed by Hedley May. * Winner: Howden Group Holdings * Highly commended: Lloyds Banking Group Progression programme of the year. * Winner: Close Brothers * Highly commended: Sodexo Community programme of the year. * Winner: Linklaters * Highly commended: Aberdeen Group plc University of the Year, championed by Sky. * Winner: University of Worcester * Highly commended: University of Exeter Tech for Social Mobility, championed by Lloyds Banking Group. * Winner: PA Consulting * Highly commended: NTT DATA Business Solutions UK&I Outstanding Contribution to Social Mobility. Sir Kenneth Olisa OBE, HM Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London, was also presented with the Outstanding Contribution to Social Mobility Award. Olisa has chaired the independent judging panel for the SOMOs and has been closely involved with the initiative's work to encourage organisations to address socio-economic inequality. Opening doors to opportunity. The UK Social Mobility Awards provide a national platform for employers, universities and other organisations working to ensure that a person's socio-economic background does not determine their future prospects. The awards are driven by social mobility charity Making The Leap and have taken place since 2017, marking almost a decade of recognising organisations and individuals seeking to widen opportunity across the UK. The organisation's founder and CEO Tunde Banjoko OBE has long argued that employers have an important role to play in tackling the barriers that prevent people from lower socio-economic backgrounds accessing education, employment and career progression. Speaking after this year's awards, Banjoko said: "A decade after the launch of the SOMOs, social mobility has, rightly, become a national priority. I want to congratulate all of this year's winners: as employers, government and communities look for ways to expand opportunity, they are helping to build a stronger economy and a fairer society. My hope is the success of this year's SOMOs winners will inspire many more employers and institutions to take action, open doors for young people from all backgrounds and help drive social mobility forward." Wake up call for employers. The awards build on a broader movement encouraging businesses to examine how factors such as family income, postcode, education, disability and access to professional networks influence people's chances of getting into and progressing at work. On Social Mobility Day earlier this year, Fair Play Talks highlighted how the growing opportunity gap should act as a wake-up call for employers - particularly as young people face increasing difficulty accessing that crucial first rung of the career ladder. Recent initiatives show some employers beginning to respond. Sainsbury's, for example, announced 10,000 work-experience opportunities for young people, while the Government and defence industry recently pledged 50,000 opportunities for young people. Talent is everywhere, but opportunity is not. Carl Trower, President of Global Capital at National Grid, congratulated this year's winners and finalists: "Congratulations to this year's winners and finalists. The SOMOs showcase the organisations turning commitment into action and demonstrate that social mobility advances fastest when we work together to create clear pathways into meaningful careers, because talent is everywhere, but opportunity is not." That distinction - between where talent exists and who gets access to opportunity - has become increasingly important as employers reconsider recruitment and early-career pathways. The Milburn Review found that many young people outside employment or education face multiple barriers, including lack of work experience, health challenges, skills gaps, transport and geography. Six in 10 NEET young people surveyed had never had a job, highlighting the danger of what can become a "no experience, no job" cycle. Turning commitment into action. Host Sue Perkins said the organisations and individuals recognised by the SOMOs demonstrate the difference practical action can make. "I loved hosting The UK Social Mobility Awards; it was inspiring to see and hear from individuals and organisations who are driving real change - whether by challenging barriers, creating new opportunities, or sharing their own experiences to support others," shared Perkins. "This year's winners have all, through meaningful, impactful and genuinely committed work, made a powerful contribution to improving social mobility across the UK. I hope this momentum continues, and more organisations are encouraged to play their part in opening up access and ensuring that everybody can thrive, no matter where they start in life." That final point is increasingly significant. At a time when almost a million young people remain outside employment, education and training, social mobility cannot simply be treated as a corporate responsibility initiative or an annual awareness campaign. For employers, it increasingly raises practical questions about who gets access to work experience, whose applications survive recruitment processes, who receives mentoring and sponsorship, and whether people from less advantaged backgrounds have genuine opportunities to progress once they enter an organisation. The organisations recognised by this year's SOMOs offer examples of what action can look like across those different stages of the employment journey. The winners were selected by an independent judging panel chaired by Sir Kenneth Olisa OBE. The 2026 SOMOs were supported by National Grid, Barclays, BNP Paribas, bp, Hedley May, Lloyds Banking Group, PwC, Sky and the Financial Times.

Consultancy.uk
Oct 1st, 2026
PA Consulting strengthens public sector practice with Simon King appointment.

PA Consulting strengthens public sector practice with Simon King appointment. 01 October 2026 Consultancy.uk Simon King has joined PA Consulting as a partner. His arrival boosts the firm's public sector AI offering, at a time when government departments are looking to deploy the technology across their services. "I'm excited to share that I have joined PA Consulting to work on scaling AI in the public sector," King said in a comment on LinkedIn. He added in the post that he was "proud to join a team that not only understands the opportunities and risks of AI, but has the credibility, talent and ambition to turn its potential into lasting impact for clients and citizens." An experienced digital strategist, service designer and researcher, King has built a reputation for coupling design thinking approaches and innovative insight techniques in his previous roles. Most recently, that saw him spend a year as director of public sector AI adoption for the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. Prior to that, King spent five years with DWP Digital - helping to digitalise the Department for Work and Pensions' services. Latterly, that was again as director of AI and innovation, with responsibility across the DWP for development of digital strategy, innovation, running the DWP Innovation Lab, and business architecture. At PA Consulting, the former Civil Service expert will use his insight to help harness and scale AI across the public sector. This is something the firm says will be "instrumental as we continue supporting clients to deliver meaningful transformation and impact." Speaking on the new arrival, PA Consulting Partner Becky Noble said in a LinkedIn post, "I'm absolutely delighted to welcome Simon King to the team. Simon brings a wealth of experience in technology and transformation and will play a key role as we help clients adopt AI safely, responsibly and at scale. Looking forward to working together on some of the biggest opportunities and challenges in public sector AI." The news follows an announcement that PA Consulting has been inducted into a new coalition to boost Britain's sovereign AI capacity. As the UK looks to apply AI to key national infrastructure, questions of technological sovereignty are coming to the fore - and the firm will now work as part of an alliance of businesses to help ensure security and reliability when utilising large language models in the nuclear energy space - among other sectors.

Cision
Aug 26th, 2026
Blister Pack Collective gains Papela's converter business.

Blister Pack Collective gains Papela's converter business. PulPac today announces Papela's participation in the Blister Pack Collective, the cross-industry initiative created by PA Consulting, a Jacobs company, and PulPac to advance Dry Molded Fiber blister packaging. Papela will act as the Collective's first converter partner and will contribute converter expertise on the development of Dry Molded Fiber blister packaging for nutraceuticals, supplements, and healthcare-related products. Image; Dry Molded Fiber blister pack sample. Blister packs remain one of the most widely used formats for tablets and capsules, often relying on plastic or other materials that are difficult to recycle. The Blister Pack Collective brings together partners across the value chain to accelerate the development of fiber-based alternatives that can reduce plastic use while supporting the performance, protection, and scalability required for commercial adoption. Papela further strengthens a Collective that already includes leading consumer health companies such as Haleon, Opella, Bayer Consumer Health and also Sanofi Rx. Its participation adds a focused perspective on supplement applications, as well as practical converter insight into how fiber-based blister packaging can move closer to commercial adoption. "For many brands, the challenge is not only finding a more sustainable blister format, but making the transition practical. Through the Blister Pack Collective, we are working with PA and PulPac to help bring fiber-based blister packaging closer to market," says Sander Volden, Founder and CEO of Papela. "Dry Molded Fiber is technology meant to be shared, and the Blister Pack Collective is a strong example of how collaboration can accelerate real progress. Papela is bringing valuable market focus and a clear converter perspective to the initiative, helping us explore how fiber-based blister packaging can meet specific product and market needs at scale," says Viktor WingĂĄrd Börjesson, COO at PulPac. "The Collective approach is designed to accelerate learning and reduce barriers to innovation by bringing together partners with complementary expertise. Papela adds another relevant market perspective and strengthens the practical requirements needed to take fiber-based blister packaging from development toward adoption," says Keith Thornley, commercial lead for Dry Molded Fiber Collectives at PA Consulting. The Blister Pack Collective was created by PA Consulting and PulPac to accelerate the development of Dry Molded Fiber blister packs. The initiative brings together partners from across pharma, consumer health, FMCG, and related industries to reduce reliance on conventional plastic blister formats and support the transition toward more fiber-based packaging solutions. Dry Molded Fiber is PulPac's patented technology for turning renewable fibers into high-performance packaging through a dry forming process. For blister applications, the technology opens opportunities to reduce plastic content while supporting the detailed forming, barrier integration, consumer desirability, and production scalability required for tablet and capsule packaging. Together, PA Consulting, PulPac, and Papela will work to further develop and validate Dry Molded Fiber blister packaging for selected supplement applications. Media contacts: Viktor WingĂĄrd Börjesson, Chief Operating Officer PulPac, [email protected] About Papela Packaging Papela is a European sustainable contract packaging organization. While heavily focused on developing innovative fiber-based blister packaging solutions, Papela's comprehensive services will also include sacheting, stick packs, bottling, and more for nutraceuticals, supplements, and healthcare-related products. As packaging and regulations become increasingly complex and resource-heavy, Papela aims to be the safe, strategic, and preferred partner for brands and contract manufacturers. By managing the entire packaging service, Papela empowers clients to stay focused on their core products while ensuring their transition to sustainable packaging is future-proof beyond the 2030 PPWR regulations. Learn more at https://www.papelapack.com/. About PA Consulting PA Consulting believes in the power of ingenuity to build a positive human future. As strategies, technologies and innovation collide, Transparency International create opportunity from complexity. Its diverse teams combine deep expertise, innovative thinking and breakthrough technologies to help clients adapt, transform and achieve enduring results across consumer and manufacturing, defense and security, energy and utilities, financial services, government and public services, health and life sciences, and transport. As a Jacobs company, Transparency International combine strategic advisory, design and delivery as a single partner across the full program lifecycle. Together, its global team of approximately 47,000 help clients shape investment decisions, solve complex challenges and deliver lasting outcomes. Discover more at paconsulting.com and connect with PA on LinkedIn and X. PA. Bringing Ingenuity to Life. About PulPac PulPac is the home of Dry Molded Fiber - an industrial fiber-forming technology for rigid, high-speed packaging with a responsible footprint, using minimal water and energy. Invented, patented and built to be shared, Dry Molded Fiber scales from ideas to production through a global ecosystem of partners and licensees, giving manufacturers and brands the speed, quality, and unit economics that help drive the shift toward packaging that just makes good sense. Learn more at www.pulpac.com. About the Blister Pack Collective The Blister Pack Collective is a cross-industry initiative created by PA Consulting and PulPac to accelerate the development of Dry Molded Fiber blister packaging. The Collective brings together partners across the value chain to reduce plastic use and support the transition toward more fiber-based blister pack solutions. Learn more at: https://www.paconsulting.com/global-shifts/regenerative-futures/blister-pack-collective Additional images Image; Sander Volden (Papela) and Viktor WingĂĄrd Börjesson (PulPac) at PulPac HQ discussing Dry Molded Fiber blister pack. Image; Dry Molded Fiber blister pack development.

Procurement Magazine
Aug 26th, 2026
Vertice's Johan Mills: how RPA transforms procurement.

Vertice's Johan Mills: how RPA transforms procurement. August 26, 2026 Vertice's VP of Product Strategy, Johan Mills, discusses how RPA cuts admin errors, bridges legacy ERPs and frees teams for strategic sourcing Robotic process automation (RPA) is transforming modern procurement functions by automating repetitive, rule-based tasks across source-to-pay operations. From purchase order generation and three-way invoice matching to supplier onboarding data validation, software bots handle high-volume administrative workflows with speed and precision. By eliminating manual data entry and reducing processing errors, RPA accelerates cycle times and frees strategic teams to focus on supplier relationships, negotiations and value creation. To explore how procurement leaders can best leverage automation today, Johan Mills, VP of Product Strategy at Vertice, brings deep expertise across consulting, industry leadership and technology. Johan previously led global engagements at PA Consulting, directed portfolio cost initiatives at Liberty Global and established the procurement function from the ground up at Thoughtworks. In this Q&A, he breaks down how to balance RPA and AI, bridge legacy systems and shift procurement from transactional admin to strategic value. 1. Historically, why has the procurement function been so heavily weighed down by manual, administrative "grunt work"? Procurement started as a cost-control and compliance function, so most roles were built around processing POs, chasing invoices, and getting contracts in order rather than shaping strategy and driving business value. Manual admin work stuck around because it was cheap to ignore and hard to fix without disrupting the ERP everyone already relied on. 2. Before automation entered the picture, how did this reliance on manual data entry and document chasing impact a company's ability to be strategic? Teams spent much of their time on data entry, matching invoices to POs, and email chasing, which left almost no time for supplier strategy or spend analysis. Strategic sourcing became a side project squeezed in around the admin, not the core focus. 3. What was the macro shifting point in global supply chains that made legacy, manual procurement processes entirely unsustainable for modern business? COVID-19 exposed how fragile global supply chains were, and the volatility that followed (shortages, freight costs, geopolitical disruption) meant procurement needed real-time visibility and speed that manual processes simply couldn't deliver. Static spreadsheets and email chains couldn't keep up with a world where risk was changing week to week. The best procurement people have always had strategic instincts, they just never had the hours to use them. Now they do. Johan Mills, VP of Product Strategy at Vertice 4. When an organisation decides to modernise procurement, what are the classic gateway processes where RPA delivers the quickest wins? PO creation, invoice processing, invoice matching, supplier onboarding - and generally anything with a high degree of data entry - are the classic starting points since they're high-volume, repetitive, and rule-based. These are the processes where a bot can follow the same steps a person does today without needing judgement calls. 5. Beyond just saving time, how does deploying RPA fundamentally protect a procurement department from human error and compliance risks? A bot doesn't skip steps or make typos, so error rates on matching or data entry essentially disappear. Procurement is able to get a full audit trail, which makes compliance a lot less painful. 6. Why is RPA often considered the perfect bridge for companies that rely on older, rigid legacy enterprise software (ERPs) that they can't afford to completely replace? RPA works on top of whatever system you already have, it just clicks and types the way a person would. So you get automation without ripping out an old ERP that may cost millions to replace. RPA in Procurement * In Deloitte's Global Chief Procurement Officer (CPO) Survey, top-performing "Digital Master" procurement teams are 10 times more likely to have fully deployed RPA solutions compared to low-maturity peers. * According to Deloitte's 2025 Global CPO Survey, RPA adoption grew by 31% year-over-year as procurement organisations combined software bots with improved process orchestration, intelligent intake and agentic workflows to handle end-to-end tasks. * According to research by McKinsey & Company, 56% of all source-to-pay tasks can be fully or largely automated using existing technologies. * In The Hackett Group's Procurement Key Issues research, 84% of procurement organisations that deployed robotic process automation reported that the technology met or exceeded their performance expectations. 7. RPA is highly efficient but notoriously rigid. At what specific point does a procurement process become too complex, messy, or unpredictable for a standard RPA bot to handle? RPA breaks down the second something needs judgement; an odd contract clause, an exception nobody coded for. It follows rules but it doesn't reason. That's not a flaw, it's just the ceiling of what the tool is built to do. 8. For an executive trying to map out a tech roadmap, how should they define the division of labour between RPA (the muscle) and Artificial Intelligence (the brain)? Most companies treat RPA and AI as different points on the same spectrum, more complex versus less complex. They're not. RPA is for tasks that stay the same, AI is for tasks that change, and the split should be based on volatility, not difficulty. 9. What is the ideal framework or rule of thumb for determining whether a bottleneck in the procurement cycle needs a simple, rule-based RPA fix or a cognitive AI solution? The ideal framework should focus on how much the input varies. High volume and low variability, automate with RPA. High volume and high variability, use AI. Low volume and high variability, leave it with a person since it's not worth automating either way. 10. How is the concept of "Intelligent Automation" - where RPA and AI are combined - changing the way enterprises handle highly unstructured data like complex vendor contracts or global spend analysis? The bottleneck used to be people reading documents. Now it's trust in what the model pulled out of them. Intelligent automation doesn't just save time on contract review; it turns it from something reactive into something that surfaces risk before anyone goes looking for it. 11. There is a persistent myth that automation is designed to replace people. How does automation actually elevate the role of procurement professionals rather than eliminate them? Automation doesn't just free up time; it finally gives people room to prove what they're actually capable of. The best procurement people have always had strategic instincts; they just never had the hours to use them. Now they do. RPA is for tasks that stay the same, AI is for tasks that change, and the split should be based on volatility, not difficulty. Johan Mills, VP of Product Strategy at Vertice 12. Now that software bots can handle the transactional heavy lifting, what skills define the modern, successful procurement leader? What are they focusing on instead? Negotiation. Supplier relationships. Risk. These are the core strategic elements that are left once the admin has gone. The best procurement leaders are also now spending more time managing relationships with the business since that can help alleviate downstream activity. 13. For organisations struggling to scale these technologies, what is the biggest non-technical hurdle - cultural, structural, or strategic - that holds them back? The biggest hurdle is usually structural: automation gets piloted within one team or one process, but scaling it requires cross-functional buy-in and data standards that no single procurement team can mandate on its own. Without that broader organisational alignment, even successful pilots stay stuck as isolated wins rather than becoming the new default way of working. 14. If Procurement Mag look five to ten years down the road, what does a completely optimised, automated procurement function look like? What is the ultimate takeaway for companies still sitting on the fence? The trajectory is fairly well established at this point. Transactional procurement work continues to move to software, and the functions that adapt fastest are reallocating that capacity toward strategic sourcing and risk management rather than cutting headcount. The companies still deciding whether to start are, in effect, choosing to spend longer on the work that's already being automated everywhere else. Company Portals

PA Consulting
Aug 12th, 2026
Survey finds Europe's security challenge is no longer just awareness of conflict, but readiness to respond.

Survey finds Europe's security challenge is no longer just awareness of conflict, but readiness to respond. 12 August 2026 Survey of 6,000 citizens across nine NATO countries reveals a widening preparedness gap: while most Europeans increasingly expect conflict, many question their country's readiness to respond and are less certain about the role they would play in a major crisis. PA Consulting, a Jacobs company, has released its latest Secure Futures report, finding that while Europeans increasingly recognise the need for stronger defence, confidence in national preparedness and public readiness to support resilience has not kept pace. Based on a survey of 6,000 citizens across nine NATO countries - the UK, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Poland, Estonia, and Finland - the report finds that Europe's long-term security will depend not only on investment in military capabilities, but also on stronger alliances, faster innovation and greater societal resilience. Key findings include: * Finland and Sweden are the only countries where citizens feel their nation is more prepared than unprepared to deal with major security threats. Confidence in national preparedness is weakest in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK, where fewer than three in ten citizens believe their country is ready to respond to major security threats. * Across Europe, citizens are more likely to say their country is spending too little on defence rather than too much. In the UK, 48 percent believe the government is not spending enough on defence. However, there is inconsistency in respondents believing that defence spending should be prioritised over other public services or through higher taxes. * Across the countries surveyed, cyber-attacks are viewed as the biggest threat to national security over the next decade, ranking above terrorist attacks and conventional warfare. Military and adversarial use of space is the lowest-ranked threat across countries, despite being a key concern for leaders. * Countries have varying levels of trust in organisations such as NATO to help keep them safe. More than 70 percent of Norwegian respondents say alliances will keep their country safe in the next decade. However, less than half of people in Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Poland see alliances as reliable. * Citizens are willing to contribute during a crisis through humanitarian assistance, civil emergency support and community activities. Yet support is lower for enlisting in military service, taking frontline roles in the police and armed forces, or taking on certain specialist roles, such as cybersecurity. The report highlights examples from across Europe and NATO allies that demonstrate what progress can look like in practice, from stronger international defence partnerships and accelerated innovation programmes to Sweden's Total Defence model and Finland's Comprehensive Security approach. Together, these initiatives show how governments, industry and citizens can work in concert to strengthen resilience in an increasingly uncertain world. Methodology PA Consulting commissioned Opinium Research to survey 6,000 citizens across nine NATO countries: the UK, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Poland, Estonia and Finland. Fieldwork was conducted online in June 2026 using nationally representative samples of adults as part of a multi-country public opinion study. The research explored public perceptions of conflict risk, trust in key institutions, defence spending priorities, and willingness to contribute to national resilience in the event of a major security crisis. Contact the team. PA Consulting Group look forward to hearing from you.